A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events

Saurav Dulal; Mohammed M. Olama; Ali R. Ekti; Nils M. Stenvig; Yilu Liu

doi:10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024

A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events

Saurav Dulal
, Mohammed M. Olama
, Ali R. Ekti
, Nils M. Stenvig
, Yilu Liu

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

Abstract

The non-uniform distribution of inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar and wind energy leads to the formation of weakly coupled regions within the broader interconnection. This highlights the urgency of investigating regional dynamics. This paper proposes a practical framework for estimating regional inertia using actual event measurements from the New York (NY) region. The regional frequency is determined using measurement data from frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) deployed across NY. The rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF) is estimated using a hybrid methodology that combines the benefits of both moving and non-moving window techniques. By utilizing the power mismatch value and the estimated RoCoF, various inertia metrics such as regional RoCoF, inertia arrival time, and inertia percentage relative to the interconnection inertia are calculated. The identified confirmed-events that took place between 2017-2022 in NY are used in the study. This assessment of inertia using real event data reveals the true behavior of the grid under stress. The results indicate that as the generation mix in NY evolves with the rise of IBRs, both the RoCoF levels and the regional inertia undergo significant changes.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
ISBN (Electronic)	9798331535032
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024
State	Published - 2025
Event	2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025 - Manhattan, United States Duration: Apr 24 2025 → Apr 25 2025

Publication series

Name	2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025

Conference

Conference	2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025
Country/Territory	United States
City	Manhattan
Period	04/24/25 → 04/25/25

Funding

This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (https://www.energy.gov/doepublic-access-plan).

Keywords

New York
Regional inertia
rate-of-change of frequency
real events

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10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024

Cite this

Dulal, S., Olama, M. M., Ekti, A. R., Stenvig, N. M., & Liu, Y. (2025). A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events. In 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025 (2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024

@inproceedings{191172173da041d5a5d0748e517f0343,

title = "A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events",

abstract = "The non-uniform distribution of inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar and wind energy leads to the formation of weakly coupled regions within the broader interconnection. This highlights the urgency of investigating regional dynamics. This paper proposes a practical framework for estimating regional inertia using actual event measurements from the New York (NY) region. The regional frequency is determined using measurement data from frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) deployed across NY. The rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF) is estimated using a hybrid methodology that combines the benefits of both moving and non-moving window techniques. By utilizing the power mismatch value and the estimated RoCoF, various inertia metrics such as regional RoCoF, inertia arrival time, and inertia percentage relative to the interconnection inertia are calculated. The identified confirmed-events that took place between 2017-2022 in NY are used in the study. This assessment of inertia using real event data reveals the true behavior of the grid under stress. The results indicate that as the generation mix in NY evolves with the rise of IBRs, both the RoCoF levels and the regional inertia undergo significant changes.",

keywords = "New York, Regional inertia, rate-of-change of frequency, real events",

author = "Saurav Dulal and Olama, \{Mohammed M.\} and Ekti, \{Ali R.\} and Stenvig, \{Nils M.\} and Yilu Liu",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 IEEE.; 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025 ; Conference date: 24-04-2025 Through 25-04-2025",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024",

language = "English",

series = "2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025",

publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",

booktitle = "2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025",

}

Dulal, S, Olama, MM , Ekti, AR , Stenvig, NM & Liu, Y 2025, A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events. in 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025. 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025, Manhattan, United States, 04/24/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024

A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events. / Dulal, Saurav; Olama, Mohammed M.; Ekti, Ali R. et al.
2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. (2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment

T2 - 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025

AU - Dulal, Saurav

AU - Olama, Mohammed M.

AU - Ekti, Ali R.

AU - Stenvig, Nils M.

AU - Liu, Yilu

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - The non-uniform distribution of inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar and wind energy leads to the formation of weakly coupled regions within the broader interconnection. This highlights the urgency of investigating regional dynamics. This paper proposes a practical framework for estimating regional inertia using actual event measurements from the New York (NY) region. The regional frequency is determined using measurement data from frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) deployed across NY. The rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF) is estimated using a hybrid methodology that combines the benefits of both moving and non-moving window techniques. By utilizing the power mismatch value and the estimated RoCoF, various inertia metrics such as regional RoCoF, inertia arrival time, and inertia percentage relative to the interconnection inertia are calculated. The identified confirmed-events that took place between 2017-2022 in NY are used in the study. This assessment of inertia using real event data reveals the true behavior of the grid under stress. The results indicate that as the generation mix in NY evolves with the rise of IBRs, both the RoCoF levels and the regional inertia undergo significant changes.

AB - The non-uniform distribution of inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar and wind energy leads to the formation of weakly coupled regions within the broader interconnection. This highlights the urgency of investigating regional dynamics. This paper proposes a practical framework for estimating regional inertia using actual event measurements from the New York (NY) region. The regional frequency is determined using measurement data from frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) deployed across NY. The rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF) is estimated using a hybrid methodology that combines the benefits of both moving and non-moving window techniques. By utilizing the power mismatch value and the estimated RoCoF, various inertia metrics such as regional RoCoF, inertia arrival time, and inertia percentage relative to the interconnection inertia are calculated. The identified confirmed-events that took place between 2017-2022 in NY are used in the study. This assessment of inertia using real event data reveals the true behavior of the grid under stress. The results indicate that as the generation mix in NY evolves with the rise of IBRs, both the RoCoF levels and the regional inertia undergo significant changes.

KW - New York

KW - Regional inertia

KW - rate-of-change of frequency

KW - real events

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010567208

U2 - 10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024

DO - 10.1109/KPEC65465.2025.11045024

M3 - Conference contribution

AN - SCOPUS:105010567208

T3 - 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025

BT - 2025 IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference, KPEC 2025

PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

Y2 - 24 April 2025 through 25 April 2025

ER -

A Practical Approach to Inertia Assessment: Analyzing New York's Grid Response to Real Events

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