A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data

Jingfeng Xiao, Qianlai Zhuang, Beverly E. Law, Jiquan Chen, Dennis D. Baldocchi, David R. Cook, Ram Oren, Andrew D. Richardson, Sonia Wharton, Siyan Ma, Timothy A. Martin, Shashi B. Verma, Andrew E. Suyker, Russell L. Scott, Russell K. Monson, Marcy Litvak, David Y. Hollinger, Ge Sun, Kenneth J. Davis, Paul V. BolstadSean P. Burns, Peter S. Curtis, Bert G. Drake, Matthias Falk, Marc L. Fischer, David R. Foster, Lianhong Gu, Julian L. Hadley, Gabriel G. Katul, Roser Matamala, Steve McNulty, Tilden P. Meyers, J. William Munger, Asko Noormets, Walter C. Oechel, Kyaw Tha Paw U, Hans Peter Schmid, Gregory Starr, Margaret S. Torn, Steven C. Wofsy

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

217 Scopus citations

Abstract

The quantification of carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is of scientific importance and also relevant to climate-policy making. Eddy covariance flux towers provide continuous measurements of ecosystem-level exchange of carbon dioxide spanning diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. However, these measurements only represent the fluxes at the scale of the tower footprint. Here we used remotely sensed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to upscale gross primary productivity (GPP) data from eddy covariance flux towers to the continental scale. We first combined GPP and MODIS data for 42 AmeriFlux towers encompassing a wide range of ecosystem and climate types to develop a predictive GPP model using a regression tree approach. The predictive model was trained using observed GPP over the period 2000-2004, and was validated using observed GPP over the period 2005-2006 and leave-one-out cross-validation. Our model predicted GPP fairly well at the site level. We then used the model to estimate GPP for each 1 km × 1 km cell across the U.S. for each 8-day interval over the period from February 2000 to December 2006 using MODIS data. Our GPP estimates provide a spatially and temporally continuous measure of gross primary production for the U.S. that is a highly constrained by eddy covariance flux data. Our study demonstrated that our empirical approach is effective for upscaling eddy flux GPP data to the continental scale and producing continuous GPP estimates across multiple biomes. With these estimates, we then examined the patterns, magnitude, and interannual variability of GPP. We estimated a gross carbon uptake between 6.91 and 7.33 Pg C yr- 1 for the conterminous U.S. Drought, fires, and hurricanes reduced annual GPP at regional scales and could have a significant impact on the U.S. net ecosystem carbon exchange. The sources of the interannual variability of U.S. GPP were dominated by these extreme climate events and disturbances.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)576-591
Number of pages16
JournalRemote Sensing of Environment
Volume114
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 15 2010

Funding

This research was partly supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Carbon and Water Program ( EAR-0630319 ). We thank the principal investigators of the MODIS data products including Drs. A.R. Huete, R.B. Myneni, S.W. Running, E.F. Vermote, and Z. Wan. We also thank D.A. Sims, T.A. Boden, S.K.S. Vannan, M. Zhao, Z. Wan, and L. Delp for helpful discussion. The MODIS data products were obtained from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) Data Gateway for making these products available. The PRISM climate database was provided by the PRISM Group, Oregon State University ( http://www.prismclimate.org ).

FundersFunder number
National Science FoundationEAR-0630319

    Keywords

    • AmeriFlux
    • Biomes
    • Carbon fluxes
    • Eddy covariance
    • Gross primary productivity
    • Interannual variability
    • MODIS
    • Regression tree
    • Satellite data
    • US

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