西 葡“4·28”停 电 事 故 原 因 初 探 及 对 中 国 电 力 系 统 发 展 的 启 示

On April 28, 2025, a massive blackout suddenly struck the entire territories of Spain and Portugal, as well as parts of France, causing the lives of tens of millions of residents to come to a standstill. Based on disclosed information and power grid frequency and voltage data, this paper attempts to reconstruct and summarize the detailed process of the sudden blackout in the three countries. It also concludes that the three major factors causing this blackout are insufficient reserve regulation resource capacity under extreme events, weak ability to regulate inter-regional oscillations and voltage under static stability limits, and difficulty in providing sufficient regulation flexibility through the electricity market and policy mechanisms under extreme events. Finally, combining with the actual operation of China’s power grid, the experience and lessons learned from this massive blackout are discussed. Targeted suggestions are put forward on building a three-dimensional guarantee system for power grid reserve capacity under extreme events, system voltage control and system intelligent decoupling in continuous oscillation scenarios, and exploring the implementation path of renewable energy active support technology under extreme events.